Built between 447 BC and 432 BC to honour the goddess Athena (Athenian Calendar)
AD stands for Anno Domini, a Latin phrase meaning "in the year of our Lord". It refers to the years following the estimated birth of Jesus Christ.
Athens created the world's first direct democracy around 508 BCE under Cleisthenes, which later flourished during the Greek Golden Age (477–431 BCE) under the leadership of Pericles. This era redefined political participation, philosophy, and art.
The "rape of the Parthenon" in Athens, Greece, refers to the removal of its ancient sculptures by the Scottish Lord Elgin in 1801, as well as major military destruction, such as the Venetian bombardment in 1687.
The Ottoman Empire used the Parthenon to store gunpowder during a war, and a Venetian mortar shell hit the building, blowing the roof off and causing massive structural damage.
Lord Elgin, the British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, began stripping statues, friezes, and architectural pieces from the Acropolis with official local permission.
Elgin shipped these artefacts to Britain, and they were later acquired by the British Museum in London, where a large portion remains on display today.
Greece views the removal as an act of pillage and demands the permanent return of the sculptures to be reunited in the Acropolis Museum in Athens.
From 1801 to 1812, Elgin's agents looted about half the surviving Parthenon sculptures, as well as sculptures from the Erechtheion, the Temple of Athena Nike, and the Propylaia, were sending them to Britain in an effort to establish a private museum. Elgin said he removed the sculptures with permission from the Ottoman officials who exercised authority in Athens at the time.


